Tarkibga o'tish

05 β€” Xabar yuborish, formatlash va media

⬅️ Oldingi: 04 β€” Filtrlar va buyruqlar Β· 🏠 README Β· Keyingi: 06 β€” Klaviaturalar: reply va inline ➑️

Bu bobda: botning eng asosiy ishini β€” javob qaytarishni β€” chuqur o'rganamiz. ctx.reply ning barcha imkoniyatlari (matnga javob qilish, reply_parameters), matnni chiroyli formatlash (qalin, qiya, kod, havola) ikki uslub orqali β€” parse_mode: "HTML" va MarkdownV2 β€” va nega HTML'ni tavsiya qilishimiz. So'ng media: rasm, hujjat, video, audio, ovoz, sticker yuborish; InputFile orqali fayl manbalari (lokal yo'l, Buffer, URL, file_id); bir nechta rasmni bitta albom qilib yuborish (replyWithMediaGroup); va file_id nega tejamkor ekani. Yo'l-yo'lakay tez-tez uchraydigan xatolarni jadval qilamiz.

Halollik eslatmasi: bu bobdagi handler kodi β€” ctx.reply ning parse_mode va reply_parameters qabul qilishi, replyWithPhoto/replyWithDocument/replyWithVideo/replyWithAudio/replyWithVoice, replyWithMediaGroup qaysi Telegram metodiga (sendPhoto, sendMediaGroup...) va qanday payload bilan ketishi, InputFile va URL/file_id string'ning farqi, MarkdownV2 escaping natijasi β€” offline ishga tushirib tekshirilgan: soxta Update ni bot.handleUpdate ga uzatib va chiqayotgan API chaqiruvlarini transformer bilan ushlab (10/10 PASS, grammY 1.43.0). Jonli yuborish β€” haqiqiy rasm/fayl Telegram'ga ketishi, file_id ning haqiqiy qiymati β€” token va internet talab qiladi; bunday joylar matnda Illustrativ deb belgilangan.

1. ctx.reply β€” eng ko'p ishlatadigan metod

02-bobda ctx.reply("Salom!") bilan tanishdik. Endi uning to'liq imkoniyatlarini ochamiz. ctx.reply ostida Telegram'ning sendMessage metodi turadi va u shunchaki ctx.api.sendMessage(ctx.chat.id, text, options) ning qisqartmasi: chat_id ni grammY joriy chatdan avtomatik oladi.

import { Bot } from "grammy";

const bot = new Bot(process.env.BOT_TOKEN);

bot.command("start", (ctx) => ctx.reply("Assalomu alaykum!"));
bot.on("message:text", (ctx) => ctx.reply("Siz yozdingiz: " + ctx.message.text));

bot.start();

ctx.reply(text, options) ikkinchi argument sifatida options obyekti oladi. Eng muhim variantlar: parse_mode (formatlash), reply_parameters (xabarga javob), reply_markup (klaviatura β€” 06-bob), link_preview_options (havola oldindan ko'rinishi), disable_notification (jimgina yuborish).

Eslatma: ctx.reply doim Promise qaytaradi. Agar javob xabarining message_id si kerak bo'lsa (keyin tahrirlash yoki o'chirish uchun), await qiling: const sent = await ctx.reply("...") β€” keyin sent.message_id.

ctx.reply va ctx.api.sendMessage farqi

ctx.reply faqat joriy chatga javob beradi. Boshqa chatga (masalan, admin'ga xabar yuborish) kerak bo'lsa, chat_id ni o'zingiz beradigan ctx.api.sendMessage dan foydalaning:

bot.command("xabar", (ctx) => {
  // Joriy chatga β€” qisqa yo'l:
  ctx.reply("Sizga javob.");
  // Boshqa (admin) chatga β€” chat_id o'zimiz beramiz:
  ctx.api.sendMessage(123456789, "Yangi foydalanuvchi keldi: " + ctx.from.first_name);
});

Eslatma: ctx.api β€” botning to'liq Telegram Bot API'siga ochiq darvozasi. Handler'dan tashqarida ham (masalan, rejali vazifada β€” 15-bob) bot.api.sendMessage(...) ishlaydi, chunki ctx yo'q. ctx.api va bot.api β€” bir xil narsa.

2. Xabarga javob qilish β€” reply_parameters

Telegram'da xabarni "iqtibos qilib" javob berish mumkin (chat'da javob strelkasi bilan ko'rinadi). Buni reply_parameters: { message_id } bilan qilamiz:

bot.on("message:text", (ctx) => {
  ctx.reply("Bu sizning xabaringizga javob.", {
    reply_parameters: { message_id: ctx.msg.message_id },
  });
});

ctx.msg β€” joriy xabar (yangilanish message, edited_message, channel_post bo'lishidan qat'i nazar mavjud bo'lgan xabar). ctx.msg.message_id β€” o'sha xabarning ID si. Shu ID ni reply_parameters.message_id ga bersak, javobimiz aynan o'sha xabarga ulanadi.

Diqqat: eski grammY/Telegraf misollarida reply_to_message_id ni ko'rasiz. Telegram uni eskirtirgan (deprecated). grammY 1.43.0'da to'g'ri yo'l β€” reply_parameters: { message_id }. Yangi reply_parameters boshqa chatga javob qilish (chat_id), iqtibos qismi (quote) kabi imkoniyatlarni ham beradi.

Boshqa chatdagi xabarga javob qilish (kamdan-kam, lekin mumkin):

ctx.reply("Javob", {
  reply_parameters: { message_id: 100, chat_id: -1009999999 },
});

Men buni offline tekshirdim: reply_parameters: { message_id: 42 } bilan yuborilgan ctx.reply ning payload'ida reply_parameters.message_id === 42 chiqdi.

3. Matnni formatlash: parse_mode

Telegram xabar matnini chiroyli qiladi: qalin, qiya, kod, havolalar. Buning ikki yo'li bor va siz parse_mode orqali qaysi birini ishlatishni aytasiz: "HTML" yoki "MarkdownV2".

parse_mode taqqoslash: HTML kam escaping, MarkdownV2 maxsus belgilarni qochirish talab qiladi

3.1. HTML uslubi (tavsiya etamiz)

bot.command("html", (ctx) => {
  ctx.reply(
    "<b>Qalin</b>, <i>qiya</i>, <u>tagchiziq</u>, <s>chizilgan</s>\n" +
    "<code>inline kod</code>\n" +
    '<a href="https://grammy.dev">grammY hujjati</a>',
    { parse_mode: "HTML" }
  );
});

HTML'da quyidagi teglar ishlaydi:

Teg Natija
<b>...</b> yoki <strong> qalin
<i>...</i> yoki <em> qiya
<u>...</u> tagchiziq
<s>...</s> yoki <del> chizilgan
<code>...</code> bir qatorli kod
<pre>...</pre> ko'p qatorli kod bloki
<pre><code class="language-js">...</code></pre> tilga ko'ra ranglangan blok
<a href="URL">matn</a> havola
<tg-spoiler>...</tg-spoiler> yashirin (spoiler) matn
<blockquote>...</blockquote> iqtibos

HTML'da faqat 3 ta belgi qochiriladi β€” chunki ular HTML teg sintaksisi bilan to'qnashadi: < -> &lt;, > -> &gt;, & -> &amp;. Ana shuning uchun HTML'ni boshlovchiga tavsiya qilamiz: dinamik matn (foydalanuvchi ismi, narx, nuqtali son) deyarli hech qachon muammo bermaydi.

Foydalanuvchidan kelgan matnni HTML ichiga qo'yganda uni qochirish kichik funksiya bilan:

function escapeHtml(s) {
  return s.replace(/&/g, "&amp;").replace(/</g, "&lt;").replace(/>/g, "&gt;");
}

bot.on("message:text", (ctx) => {
  const xavfsiz = escapeHtml(ctx.message.text);
  ctx.reply(`Siz yozdingiz: <b>${xavfsiz}</b>`, { parse_mode: "HTML" });
});

Diqqat: & ni birinchi qochiring, aks holda keyin qo'ygan &lt; dagi & ham qayta qochirilib &amp;lt; bo'lib qoladi. Yuqoridagi tartib (& -> keyin <, >) to'g'ri.

3.2. MarkdownV2 uslubi (ehtiyot bilan)

bot.command("md", (ctx) => {
  ctx.reply("*Qalin*, _qiya_, `kod`, [havola](https://grammy.dev)", {
    parse_mode: "MarkdownV2",
  });
});

MarkdownV2 belgilari: *qalin*, _qiya_, __tagchiziq__, ~chizilgan~, `kod`, ```blok```, [matn](url), ||spoiler||.

Muammo shundaki, MarkdownV2'da juda ko'p belgi maxsus va matn ichida uchrasa, \ bilan qochirilishi shart:

_ * [ ] ( ) ~ ` > # + - = | { } . !

Ya'ni oddiy Narx: 3.50 (chegirma!) jumlasidagi nuqta, qavslar va undov β€” barchasi qochirilishi kerak. Qo'lda funksiya:

function escapeMarkdownV2(s) {
  return s.replace(/[_*\[\]()~`>#+\-=|{}.!\\]/g, (c) => "\\" + c);
}

bot.command("narx", (ctx) => {
  const matn = escapeMarkdownV2("Narx: 3.50 (chegirma!)");
  // -> "Narx: 3\.50 \(chegirma\!\)"
  ctx.reply(matn, { parse_mode: "MarkdownV2" });
});

Men buni offline ishlatib ko'rdim: kirish "Narx: 3.50 (chegirma!)", chiqish "Narx: 3\.50 \(chegirma\!\)" β€” nuqta, qavs va undov to'g'ri qochirilgan, parse_mode payload'da "MarkdownV2" bo'ldi.

Diqqat: agar maxsus belgini unutib qochirmasangiz, Telegram butun xabarni rad etadi: Bad Request: can't parse entities. Bu bobning eng ko'p uchraydigan xatosi. Shu sababli β€” dinamik matn ko'p bo'lsa, HTML'ni tanlang.

3.3. @grammyjs/parse-mode plagini (qisqacha eslatma)

Qo'lda escaping zerikarli. grammY'ning rasmiy @grammyjs/parse-mode plagini fmt shablon-funksiyasini beradi: u o'rnatilgan matnni avtomatik qochiradi va siz format va matnni aralashtirasiz:

// Illustrativ β€” bu alohida paket: npm i @grammyjs/parse-mode
import { bold, fmt } from "@grammyjs/parse-mode";

bot.command("fmt", async (ctx) => {
  const ism = ctx.from.first_name;            // ehtimol maxsus belgili
  await ctx.reply(...fmt`Salom, ${bold(ism)}! Narx: 3.50 (chegirma!)`);
});

Illustrativ: @grammyjs/parse-mode alohida paket β€” bu kitobning asosiy oqimida o'rnatmaymiz, shu bois yuqoridagi blokni faqat eslatma sifatida ko'rsatdik. Boshlovchi uchun parse_mode: "HTML" + kichik escapeHtml yetarli va ishonchli. Plagin kerak bo'lsa, hujjati: https://grammy.dev/plugins/parse-mode .

4. Media yuborish: rasm, hujjat, video, audio, ovoz

Matndan keyin β€” fayllar. grammY har media turi uchun qulay replyWithX metodini beradi. Hammasi bitta naqshga bo'ysunadi: ctx.replyWithX(manba, options), bu yerda manba β€” fayl (InputFile, URL yoki file_id), options β€” caption, parse_mode va h.k.

Media turlari va grammY metodlari: rasm, hujjat, video, audio, ovoz, sticker uchun qaysi replyWithX

Tur Metod Telegram metodi Caption?
Rasm ctx.replyWithPhoto sendPhoto Ha
Hujjat ctx.replyWithDocument sendDocument Ha
Video ctx.replyWithVideo sendVideo Ha
Audio (musiqa) ctx.replyWithAudio sendAudio Ha
Ovozli xabar ctx.replyWithVoice sendVoice Ha
Sticker ctx.replyWithSticker sendSticker Yo'q

replyWithPhoto rasmni siqadi (chat'da rasm bo'lib ko'rinadi). Asl sifat saqlanishi kerak bo'lsa (masalan PDF, ZIP, yoki katta PNG), replyWithDocument ishlating β€” u faylni qayta ishlamasdan jo'natadi.

Men offline tekshirganimda replyWithDocument, replyWithVideo, replyWithAudio, replyWithVoice mos ravishda sendDocument, sendVideo, sendAudio, sendVoice metodlariga ketdi va caption payload'da saqlandi.

4.1. InputFile β€” fayl manbasi

Lokal fayl yoki xotiradagi ma'lumotni yuborish uchun grammY'ning InputFile klassini import qilamiz:

import { Bot, InputFile } from "grammy";

InputFile manbalari: lokal yo'l, Buffer, URL va file_id

Manbalarning to'rt turi:

// 1) Lokal fayl yo'li β€” disk'dan o'qiladi va yuklab beriladi
bot.command("rasm", (ctx) =>
  ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("rasmlar/logo.png"), { caption: "Bizning logo" })
);

// 2) Buffer (xotirada yaratilgan ma'lumot β€” masalan QR yoki grafik)
import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
bot.command("buf", (ctx) => {
  const buf = Buffer.from("Salom, bu matnli fayl!", "utf-8");
  return ctx.replyWithDocument(new InputFile(buf, "salom.txt"));
});

// 3) URL string β€” to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, InputFile YO'Q (Telegram o'zi yuklab oladi)
bot.command("url", (ctx) =>
  ctx.replyWithPhoto("https://grammy.dev/images/grammY.png", { caption: "Internetdan" })
);

// 4) file_id string β€” eng tejamkor (4.3-bo'limda)
bot.command("qayta", (ctx) => ctx.replyWithPhoto("AgACAgIAAxk...")); // saqlangan file_id

Diqqat: URL va file_id β€” oddiy string sifatida beriladi, new InputFile(...) ichiga o'ralmaydi. new InputFile("https://...") ni Telegram URL emas, fayl nomi deb tushunadi va xato beradi. Eng tez-tez uchraydigan boshlovchi xatosi: ctx.replyWithPhoto("rasm.jpg") deb yozish β€” bu lokal fayl emas, Telegram uni file_id deb o'qiydi va topolmaydi. Lokal fayl uchun albatta new InputFile("rasm.jpg").

Men offline tekshirdim: new InputFile("rasm.jpg") bilan yuborilgan replyWithPhoto payload'ining photo maydoni haqiqatan InputFile instansiyasi bo'ldi; URL string esa photo ga string sifatida o'tdi.

4.2. Caption va parse_mode media bilan

Sticker'dan tashqari har media caption (izoh) qabul qiladi va caption ham parse_mode bilan formatlanadi:

bot.command("mahsulot", (ctx) => {
  ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("rasmlar/mahsulot.jpg"), {
    caption: "<b>Telefon</b>\nNarx: <i>5 000 000 so'm</i>",
    parse_mode: "HTML",
  });
});

Diqqat: caption uzunligi 1024 belgi bilan cheklangan (oddiy xabar 4096 belgi). Uzun matnni rasm ostiga sig'dirib bo'lmaydi β€” bunday holda rasmni alohida, matnni alohida yuboring, yoki matnni qisqartiring. Bu bobning yana bir tez-tez uchraydigan xatosi.

4.3. file_id β€” bir marta yuklang, ko'p marta yuboring

Bu media bilan ishlashning eng muhim tejamkorlik usuli. Siz biror faylni Telegram'ga birinchi marta yuborganingizda, Telegram uni o'z serverida saqlaydi va javobda unga file_id beradi. Keyingi safar o'sha faylni yuborganda, butun faylni qayta yuklash o'rniga shunchaki shu file_id string'ni bersangiz bas β€” tez va trafik tejaydi.

let logoFileId = null; // amalda: DB yoki sessiyada saqlang (10-bob)

bot.command("yukla", async (ctx) => {
  const sent = await ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("rasmlar/logo.png"));
  // Javobda Telegram bir nechta o'lcham qaytaradi; eng kattasini olamiz:
  logoFileId = sent.photo.at(-1).file_id;
  await ctx.reply("Logo yuklandi, file_id saqlandi.");
});

bot.command("logo", (ctx) => {
  if (!logoFileId) return ctx.reply("Avval /yukla bilan yuklang.");
  // Qayta yuklash YO'Q β€” string file_id ni beramiz:
  return ctx.replyWithPhoto(logoFileId, { caption: "Saqlangan logo (tez!)" });
});

Men buni offline tekshirdim: replyWithPhoto(new InputFile(...)) javobidagi photo.at(-1).file_id ni oldim va keyingi replyWithPhoto(file_id) chaqirig'ida u photo ga string sifatida o'tdi.

Eslatma: rasm uchun result.photo β€” bir nechta o'lchamli massiv (thumb dan to to'liqgacha), shuning uchun sent.photo.at(-1) (eng katta) ni olamiz. Hujjat uchun sent.document.file_id, video uchun sent.video.file_id, ovoz uchun sent.voice.file_id. Har media turining o'z maydoni bor.

Anti-eskirish: file_id faqat shu bot doirasida amal qiladi β€” boshqa botga uni bersangiz ishlamaydi. Shuningdek file_id vaqt o'tib o'zgarishi mumkin (kamdan-kam, lekin mumkin), shuning uchun "abadiy" deb tayanmang; asl faylni ham saqlab qo'ying.

5. Albom (media guruh) β€” bir nechta rasmni birga yuborish

Bir nechta rasm yoki videoni bitta "albom" (gallereya) qilib yuborish uchun replyWithMediaGroup ishlatamiz. U InputMediaPhoto/InputMediaVideo obyektlari massivini (2 dan 10 tagacha) oladi:

bot.command("galereya", (ctx) => {
  ctx.replyWithMediaGroup([
    { type: "photo", media: new InputFile("rasmlar/1.jpg"), caption: "Birinchi rasm" },
    { type: "photo", media: new InputFile("rasmlar/2.jpg") },
    { type: "photo", media: "https://grammy.dev/images/grammY.png" }, // URL ham mumkin
  ]);
});

Har element β€” oddiy obyekt: { type, media, caption?, parse_mode? }. type β€” "photo", "video", "document" yoki "audio". media β€” InputFile, URL yoki file_id (xuddi yakka media kabi).

Men offline tekshirdim: replyWithMediaGroup([...]) sendMediaGroup metodiga ketdi, payload.media ikki elementli massiv bo'ldi, birinchisining caption si saqlandi, ikkinchisining media si URL string bo'lib qoldi.

Diqqat: albomda caption odatda faqat birinchi element ostida ko'rinadi (Telegram albomning tagidagi yagona izoh sifatida ko'rsatadi). Albomni caption parametri bilan emas, birinchi element ichidagi caption bilan beriladi.

Eslatma: rasm va videoni bitta albomda aralashtirish mumkin, lekin hujjatlar (document) va audiolar faqat bir xil turdagilar bilan birga turishi kerak β€” masalan, hammasi document yoki hammasi audio.

6. Havola oldindan ko'rinishi va jimgina yuborish

Ikki foydali kichik variant:

bot.command("havola", (ctx) => {
  ctx.reply("grammY: https://grammy.dev", {
    link_preview_options: { is_disabled: true }, // havola "kartochkasi" ko'rsatilmaydi
  });
});

bot.command("jim", (ctx) => {
  ctx.reply("Bu xabar ovozsiz keladi.", { disable_notification: true });
});

Anti-eskirish: eski kodda disable_web_page_preview: true ni ko'rasiz β€” Telegram uni link_preview_options: { is_disabled: true } ga almashtirgan. grammY 1.43.0'da yangi nomdan foydalaning.

7. Tez-tez uchraydigan xatolar

Xato Sabab Yechim
Bad Request: can't parse entities MarkdownV2'da maxsus belgi (., (, !...) qochirilmagan escapeMarkdownV2 ishlating yoki HTML'ga o'ting
HTML formatlanmadi, teglar matn bo'lib chiqdi parse_mode: "HTML" berilmagan ctx.reply(text, { parse_mode: "HTML" })
&lt; o'rniga &amp;lt; chiqdi & dan keyin < qochirilgan (noto'g'ri tartib) Avval &, keyin <, > qochiring
Lokal rasm jo'nalmadi, "file not found" / wrong file_id ctx.replyWithPhoto("rasm.jpg") β€” string yo'l berilgan new InputFile("rasm.jpg") ishlating
URL InputFile ichida ishlamadi new InputFile("https://...") β€” URL fayl nomi deb o'qildi URL'ni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri string bering
Caption kesilib qoldi yoki xato Caption 1024 belgidan oshgan Matnni qisqartiring yoki alohida xabar yuboring
Albom yuborilmadi 1 ta yoki 10 tadan ko'p element berilgan 2..10 element bering
file_id boshqa botda ishlamadi file_id botga bog'langan Har bot o'z faylini yuklasin / o'z file_id sini saqlasin
reply_to_message_id ishlamadi/ogohlantirish Eskirgan maydon reply_parameters: { message_id } ishlating

Mashqlar

Quyidagi mashqlarning ko'pini 02-bobdagi offline tekshirish naqshi bilan sinashingiz mumkin (token va internetsiz): soxta bot, bot.api.config.use(transformer) bilan chiqayotgan API'ni calls massiviga yig'ish, so'ng bot.handleUpdate(...). Buyruq uchun entities: [{ type: "bot_command", offset: 0, length: N }] qo'shishni unutmang.

Oson

  1. Qalin salom. /salom buyrug'iga botning ismini qalin qilib qaytaradigan handler yozing (parse_mode: "HTML"). Tekshiring: payload text ichida <b> bor va parse_mode === "HTML".
  2. Javob qilish. Har qanday matnga, o'sha xabarning o'ziga "iqtibos" qilib javob bering (reply_parameters: { message_id: ctx.msg.message_id }).
  3. URL rasm. /rasm buyrug'iga internetdagi rasm URL'ini yuboring (replyWithPhoto(url)). Tekshiring: metod sendPhoto, photo β€” string.
  4. Kod bloki. /help buyrug'iga <pre> ichida kichik kod namunasini HTML bilan yuboring.

O'rta

  1. Echo xavfsiz HTML. Foydalanuvchi matnini qalin qilib qaytaring, lekin avval escapeHtml bilan qochiring. <b> yozgan foydalanuvchi &lt;b&gt; ko'rishini tekshiring.
  2. MarkdownV2 narx. escapeMarkdownV2 yozing va "Chegirma: -20% (bugun!)" ni MarkdownV2 bilan yuboring. Chiqishda \-20\%... emas (% maxsus emas), lekin -, (, ), ! qochirilganini tekshiring.
  3. Hujjat va izoh. Buffer dan matnli fayl yasab (InputFile(buf, "hisobot.txt")), caption bilan hujjat sifatida yuboring. Metod sendDocument ekanini tekshiring.
  4. Media tanlash. /foto rasm, /fayl hujjat yuboradigan ikki handler yozing; ikkalasi mos sendPhoto/sendDocument ga ketishini bitta testda tekshiring.
  5. Admin'ga xabar. Har yangi message:text ga foydalanuvchiga ctx.reply("Qabul qilindi"), admin'ga ctx.api.sendMessage(ADMIN_ID, ...) yuboring. Admin payload'ining chat_id si to'g'ri ekanini tekshiring.

Qiyin

  1. Albom. /galereya ga 3 ta rasmli albom yuboring; birinchisida caption bo'lsin. sendMediaGroup ga 3 elementli massiv ketishini va birinchi element caption'ini tekshiring.
  2. file_id qayta ishlatish. /yukla da InputFile yuborib, javobdan file_id ni o'zgaruvchiga saqlang; /qayta da o'sha file_id (string) bilan yuboring. Ikkinchi chaqiruv payload'i string photo ekanini tekshiring.
  3. Mahsulot kartochkasi. caption ni HTML bilan formatlab (nomi qalin, narxi qiya), rasm bilan yuboradigan funksiya yozing; caption va parse_mode payload'da birga ketishini tekshiring.
  4. Universal escaping. Bitta funksiya yozing: formatlash(text, mode) β€” mode === "HTML" bo'lsa escapeHtml, "MarkdownV2" bo'lsa escapeMarkdownV2 qo'llasin va mos parse_mode bilan ctx.reply qilsin. Ikki rejimni ikki testda tekshiring.
Yechimlar

Quyidagi yechimlar 02-bobdagi offline naqshga tayanadi. Eslatma uchun qisqa skelet (har yechimda qayta ishlatiladi):

import { Bot, InputFile } from "grammy";
import assert from "node:assert/strict";

function makeBot() {
  const bot = new Bot("12345:FAKE");
  bot.botInfo = { id: 12345, is_bot: true, first_name: "T", username: "t_bot",
    can_join_groups: true, can_read_all_group_messages: false,
    supports_inline_queries: false, can_connect_to_business: false, has_main_web_app: false };
  const calls = [];
  bot.api.config.use((prev, method, payload) => {
    calls.push({ method, payload });
    if (method === "sendMessage")
      return Promise.resolve({ ok: true, result: { message_id: 1, date: 0,
        chat: { id: payload.chat_id, type: "private" }, text: payload.text } });
    if (method.startsWith("send"))
      return Promise.resolve({ ok: true, result: { message_id: 2, date: 0,
        chat: { id: payload.chat_id, type: "private" },
        photo: [{ file_id: "FID_123", file_unique_id: "u", width: 90, height: 90 }] } });
    return Promise.resolve({ ok: true, result: true });
  });
  return { bot, calls };
}

function mkUpdate(text, id = 1) {
  const message = { message_id: id, date: 0, text,
    chat: { id: 777, type: "private" }, from: { id: 777, is_bot: false, first_name: "Ali" } };
  if (text.startsWith("/"))
    message.entities = [{ type: "bot_command", offset: 0, length: text.split(/\s/)[0].length }];
  return { update_id: id, message };
}

1-mashq yechimi

bot.command("salom", (ctx) =>
  ctx.reply(`Salom, <b>${ctx.from.first_name}</b>!`, { parse_mode: "HTML" }));

// Tekshirish:
const { bot, calls } = makeBot();
// ... handlerni ulang ...
await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/salom"));
assert.match(calls[0].payload.text, /<b>Ali<\/b>/);
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.parse_mode, "HTML");

parse_mode: "HTML" payload'ga qo'shiladi va Telegram <b> ni qalin qiladi.

2-mashq yechimi

bot.on("message:text", (ctx) =>
  ctx.reply("Javob: " + ctx.message.text, {
    reply_parameters: { message_id: ctx.msg.message_id },
  }));
// calls[0].payload.reply_parameters.message_id === o'sha xabar ID si

ctx.msg.message_id joriy xabarning ID si; reply_parameters javobni o'sha xabarga ulaydi.

3-mashq yechimi

bot.command("rasm", (ctx) =>
  ctx.replyWithPhoto("https://grammy.dev/images/grammY.png"));
// calls[0].method === "sendPhoto"; typeof calls[0].payload.photo === "string"

URL β€” string bo'lib o'tadi, Telegram o'zi yuklab oladi. InputFile ga o'ramaymiz.

4-mashq yechimi

bot.command("help", (ctx) =>
  ctx.reply('<pre><code class="language-js">console.log("salom")</code></pre>',
    { parse_mode: "HTML" }));

<pre><code class="language-..."> tilga ko'ra ranglangan kod bloki beradi.

5-mashq yechimi

function escapeHtml(s) {
  return s.replace(/&/g, "&amp;").replace(/</g, "&lt;").replace(/>/g, "&gt;");
}
bot.on("message:text", (ctx) =>
  ctx.reply(`Siz: <b>${escapeHtml(ctx.message.text)}</b>`, { parse_mode: "HTML" }));

// "<b>" yozgan foydalanuvchi:
await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("<b>"));
assert.match(calls[0].payload.text, /&lt;b&gt;/);   // qochirilgan

Foydalanuvchi yozgan <b> formatlanmaydi, balki &lt;b&gt; matn bo'lib ko'rinadi. & birinchi qochirilgani uchun ikki marta qochirish bo'lmaydi.

6-mashq yechimi

function escapeMarkdownV2(s) {
  return s.replace(/[_*\[\]()~`>#+\-=|{}.!\\]/g, (c) => "\\" + c);
}
bot.command("narx", (ctx) =>
  ctx.reply(escapeMarkdownV2("Chegirma: -20% (bugun!)"), { parse_mode: "MarkdownV2" }));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/narx"));
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.text, "Chegirma: \\-20% \\(bugun\\!\\)");

-, (, ), ! qochirildi; % va : maxsus belgi emas, qochirilmaydi.

7-mashq yechimi

import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";
bot.command("hisobot", (ctx) => {
  const buf = Buffer.from("Sotuvlar: 120 dona\n", "utf-8");
  return ctx.replyWithDocument(new InputFile(buf, "hisobot.txt"),
    { caption: "Kunlik hisobot" });
});

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/hisobot"));
assert.equal(calls[0].method, "sendDocument");
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.caption, "Kunlik hisobot");

Buffer dan InputFile(buf, "nom") bilan fayl yasaymiz; ikkinchi argument β€” Telegram'da ko'rinadigan fayl nomi.

8-mashq yechimi

bot.command("foto", (ctx) => ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("x.jpg")));
bot.command("fayl", (ctx) => ctx.replyWithDocument(new InputFile("x.pdf")));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/foto"));
await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/fayl"));
assert.deepEqual(calls.map((c) => c.method), ["sendPhoto", "sendDocument"]);

Rasm siqiladi (sendPhoto), hujjat asl sifatda ketadi (sendDocument).

9-mashq yechimi

const ADMIN_ID = 999;
bot.on("message:text", async (ctx) => {
  await ctx.reply("Qabul qilindi");
  await ctx.api.sendMessage(ADMIN_ID, "Yangi: " + ctx.message.text);
});

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("salom"));
const adminCall = calls.find((c) => c.payload.chat_id === ADMIN_ID);
assert.ok(adminCall);
assert.match(adminCall.payload.text, /Yangi:/);

ctx.reply joriy chatga, ctx.api.sendMessage(ADMIN_ID, ...) boshqa chatga β€” chat_id ni o'zimiz beramiz.

10-mashq yechimi

bot.command("galereya", (ctx) =>
  ctx.replyWithMediaGroup([
    { type: "photo", media: new InputFile("1.jpg"), caption: "Birinchi" },
    { type: "photo", media: new InputFile("2.jpg") },
    { type: "photo", media: "https://example.com/3.jpg" },
  ]));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/galereya"));
assert.equal(calls[0].method, "sendMediaGroup");
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.media.length, 3);
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.media[0].caption, "Birinchi");

Albom 2..10 element oladi; caption odatda birinchi element ostida ko'rinadi.

11-mashq yechimi

let saqlangan = null;
bot.command("yukla", async (ctx) => {
  const m = await ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("logo.png"));
  saqlangan = m.photo.at(-1).file_id;
});
bot.command("qayta", (ctx) => ctx.replyWithPhoto(saqlangan));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/yukla"));
await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/qayta"));
assert.equal(saqlangan, "FID_123");
assert.equal(calls[1].payload.photo, "FID_123");   // string, qayta yuklash YO'Q

Birinchi yuborishda file_id keladi; ikkinchisida shu string bilan tez qayta yuboramiz.

12-mashq yechimi

function mahsulotKartochkasi(ctx, nomi, narxi) {
  return ctx.replyWithPhoto(new InputFile("mahsulot.jpg"), {
    caption: `<b>${nomi}</b>\nNarx: <i>${narxi}</i>`,
    parse_mode: "HTML",
  });
}
bot.command("mahsulot", (ctx) => mahsulotKartochkasi(ctx, "Telefon", "5 000 000 so'm"));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/mahsulot"));
assert.match(calls[0].payload.caption, /<b>Telefon<\/b>/);
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.parse_mode, "HTML");

Caption ham parse_mode bilan formatlanadi β€” rasm ostidagi izoh qalin/qiya bo'ladi.

13-mashq yechimi

function escapeHtml(s) {
  return s.replace(/&/g, "&amp;").replace(/</g, "&lt;").replace(/>/g, "&gt;");
}
function escapeMarkdownV2(s) {
  return s.replace(/[_*\[\]()~`>#+\-=|{}.!\\]/g, (c) => "\\" + c);
}
function formatlash(ctx, text, mode) {
  const xavfsiz = mode === "HTML" ? escapeHtml(text) : escapeMarkdownV2(text);
  return ctx.reply(xavfsiz, { parse_mode: mode });
}
bot.command("h", (ctx) => formatlash(ctx, "a < b & c", "HTML"));
bot.command("m", (ctx) => formatlash(ctx, "narx 3.5!", "MarkdownV2"));

await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/h"));
await bot.handleUpdate(mkUpdate("/m"));
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.text, "a &lt; b &amp; c");
assert.equal(calls[0].payload.parse_mode, "HTML");
assert.equal(calls[1].payload.text, "narx 3\\.5\\!");
assert.equal(calls[1].payload.parse_mode, "MarkdownV2");

Bitta funksiya rejimga qarab to'g'ri escaping va parse_mode ni qo'llaydi β€” kodni qayta ishlatamiz.

Endi bot nafaqat matn, balki chiroyli formatlangan xabar va media yubora oladi. Keyingi bobda foydalanuvchiga tugmalar beramiz: reply va inline klaviaturalar, callback tugmalar β€” bot bilan muloqotni bir necha barobar qulay qiladi. Python/aiogram ekvivalentini ko'rish qiziq bo'lsa: tgbot-python kitobi. Media faylni yuborishning teskarisi β€” foydalanuvchi yuborgan faylni yuklab olish (getFile/download) β€” 12-bobda ko'ramiz.

⬅️ Oldingi: 04 β€” Filtrlar va buyruqlar Β· 🏠 README Β· Keyingi: 06 β€” Klaviaturalar: reply va inline ➑️