Telegram bot (Python aiogram) — 0 dan Expertgacha¶

Bu kitob Python asoslarini biladigan o'quvchini Telegram bot yozish bo'yicha noldan ishonchli darajaga olib chiqadi. Oddiy echo botdan boshlab — handler va Router, filtrlar, klaviaturalar, callback, FSM (holatlar mashinasi), middleware, ma'lumotlar bazasi, to'lovlar, webhook va deploy orqali — yakuniy to'liq botgacha; so'ng real amaliyot: guruh/kanal boshqaruvi, majburiy obuna, Telegram Mini App integratsiyasi va Hamster uslubidagi clicker o'yin kapstoni. Hamma kod aiogram 3.x (zamonaviy, async) bilan yoziladi.

🤖 aiogram 3.x. Bu kitob faqat aiogram 3.x idiomidan foydalanadi (Router, @router.message, Dispatcher, F magic-filtr, DefaultBotProperties). Internetdagi eski 2.x misollar (@dp.message_handler, executor.start_polling) bu yerda ishlamaydi — ehtiyot bo'ling.

⚠️ HALOL eslatma. Botning mantig'i — handlerlar, Router, filtrlar, FSM, klaviaturalar, callback, middleware va ma'lumotlar bazasi — offline ishga tushirib tekshirilgan (mock Update ni dispatcher'ga uzatib). Ammo jonli ishlash — Telegram'ga polling/xabar yuborish, webhook qabul qilish, to'lovlar — @BotFather dan olingan token va internet talab qiladi; bu bloklar to'g'ri, lekin matnda "illustrativ" deb belgilangan. Botingizni o'z tokeningiz bilan ishga tushiring.

ℹ️ Bu kitob siz Python asoslarini (async/await, dekorator, sinf, virtual muhit, pip, type hints) bilasiz deb hisoblaydi. Python yangi bo'lsa, avval Python — 0 dan Expertgacha kitobini o'qing.

Qanday o'qish kerak¶

Boblarni tartib bilan o'qing (01 → 02 → ...). Har biri oldingisiga tayanadi.
@BotFather dan token oling (/newbot) va uni .env (BOT_TOKEN) da saqlang — hech qachon kodga yozmang.
Har bir misolni o'zingiz tering va o'z botingizda sinab ko'ring — bot o'qib emas, yozib o'rganiladi.
FSM, middleware va DB kabi mavzular amaliyotsiz mavhum tuyuladi — har bir handlerni o'zingiz ishga tushiring.

Talab¶

Kerak	Daraja
Python asoslari (async/await, sinf, dekorator)	Shart
Python 3.11+ va `pip`	Shart
Telegram hisobi va `@BotFather` token	Shart (jonli sinov uchun)
Terminal va virtual muhit bilan tanishlik	Foydali
SQL/ma'lumotlar bazasi asoslari	Foydali

Mundarija¶

I qism — Asoslar¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
01	Telegram botlar va aiogram bilan tanishuv	Bot nima, Bot API qanday ishlaydi, `@BotFather` token, polling vs webhook, aiogram nega va 3.x.
02	Birinchi bot: echo va /start	Minimal bot: Bot + Dispatcher + Router, `/start`, echo, `start_polling`, token `.env` da.
03	Handlerlar va Router	Message handler, `Router` bilan modullash, `include_router`, update turlari, handler tartibi.
04	Filtrlar va buyruqlar	`Command`/`CommandStart`, deep-link, `F` magic-filtr, maxsus filtr, content_type.

II qism — Foydalanuvchi bilan muloqot¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
05	Xabar yuborish, formatlash va media	`answer`/`reply`, parse_mode (HTML/MarkdownV2), media (rasm/hujjat/audio), albom.
06	Klaviaturalar: reply va inline	`ReplyKeyboardBuilder`, `InlineKeyboardBuilder`, callback tugmalar, `adjust`, klaviaturani o'chirish.
07	Callback query va inline rejim	`callback_query`, `CallbackData` factory, xabarni tahrirlash, pagination, inline mode.
08	FSM — holatlar mashinasi	`StatesGroup`/`State`, `FSMContext`, `MemoryStorage`, ko'p qadamli forma, holatdan chiqish.

III qism — Arxitektura va ma'lumot¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
09	Middleware	Outer vs inner middleware, `BaseMiddleware`, ma'lumot in'ektsiyasi, throttling, logging.
10	Ma'lumotlar bazasi bilan ishlash	aiosqlite / SQLAlchemy 2.0 (async), foydalanuvchilarni saqlash, repository, DB middleware.
11	Loyiha tuzilishi va konfiguratsiya	Katta botni modullash (handlers/keyboards/states/services), `.env` config, DI.
12	Maxsus xususiyatlar	Fayl yuklab olish, media guruh, lokatsiya/kontakt, buyruqlar menyusi, WebApp tugma.

IV qism — Ilg'or¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
13	Webhook va aiohttp server	Polling vs webhook chuqur, aiohttp webhook server, `set_webhook`, nginx, qachon qaysi.
14	To'lovlar va Telegram Stars	`send_invoice`, `pre_checkout_query`, `successful_payment`, provider token, Telegram Stars (XTR).
15	Rejalashtirilgan vazifalar va broadcast	APScheduler/asyncio bilan rejali xabar, ommaviy tarqatish, flood-control, `TelegramRetryAfter`.

V qism — Sifat va deploy¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
16	Testlash va xatolarni boshqarish	Handlerlarni offline test (pytest-asyncio + `feed_update`), error handler, logging, debug.
17	Production va deploy	VPS, Docker, systemd/supervisor, `.env`/sirlar, polling vs webhook prod, graceful shutdown.
18	Yakuniy kapston: to'liq bot	Boshidan oxirigacha to'liq bot: FSM forma, DB, klaviatura, middleware, admin, deploy. Yo'l yakuni.

VI qism — Guruh, kanal va Mini App (real amaliyot)¶

#	Bob	Mavzu
19	Guruhlarda ishlash	Guruh turlari, privacy mode, `get_chat_member` bilan a'zo/admin tekshirish, `my_chat_member`.
20	Guruh moderatsiyasi	Welcome (`chat_member` JOIN), ban/kick/mute (`restrict_chat_member` + `ChatPermissions`), admin-filtr, captcha.
21	Kanallar bilan ishlash	Kanalga post, `channel_post`, linked discussion group, `forward`/`copy`, reaksiyalar.
22	Majburiy obuna	Obuna middleware, gate klaviatura, bir nechta kanal, private kanal (`chat_join_request`), kesh.
23	Telegram Web App (Mini App) asoslari	`WebAppInfo`, 3 tugma turi, `telegram-web-app.js` SDK, `sendData` → `F.web_app_data`.
24	Web App xavfsizligi: initData	initData HMAC validatsiya, `check_webapp_signature`, replay himoyasi, serverda tekshirish.
25	Mini App backend	aiohttp backend, har so'rovda initData auth, DB holat, bot↔WebApp↔backend uchburchagi.
26	Kapston: Hamster uslubidagi clicker Mini App	Tap-to-earn: balans/energiya/upgrade, anti-cheat (serverda hisoblanadi), to'liq loyiha.

Muallif¶

Oqil Imomnazarov — ioqil.uz · Telegram · YouTube

Kitob bepul tarqatiladi (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Savdo qilish taqiqlanadi.